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Biology

LS1-2 Modeling systems in organisms

[& Cell Biology--see below]

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HS-LS1-2.    Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.

[Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such
as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

CELL THEORY

  • Living organisms are composed of cells

  • Single-celled organisms carry out all functions of life in one cell

  • Cell size is limited by surface area-to-volume ratio

  • Cell components interact in multicellular organisms

  • There is differentiation of tissues in multicellular organisms

  • Differentiation occurs with expression of only some of the genes

  • Embryonic development with the differentiation of stem cells along different pathways and this enables stem cells to be suitable for medicinal purposes   CELL STRUCTURE

  • Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure no nucleus, no walled organelles ex. bacteria, plus single circular chromosome

  • Eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles with walls/membranes ex animal cells--and many linear chromosomes

  • Details of mitochondria (~10^-9m) can be seen with an electron microscope, a cell and outline of nucleus, etc. (10^-6m) can be seen with light microscope

  • CELL MEMBRANES

  • Phospholipids form bilayers in water which are amphipathic/amphiphilic - hydrophilic outer layer and hydrophobic inner

  • Membrane proteins have different structures, positions and function.

  • Cholesterol is a component of animal cell membranes.

  • MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

  • Particles move across cell membranes by  diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

  • Cell-membrane movement taking large molecules into cells by endocytosis or released by exocytosis. Vesicles move materials within cells.

Prior Knowledge/Preview
Introduction to Cells Untamed Science
        and Cell Preview on right -->
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Inquiry science
       Printable activity Prokaryote and Virus activity Go To Lesson13 CK-12
Cell structure and Function Go To Lesson 3 CK-12
       On-line activity Interacting systems CK-12
Summarize the structure and function of cell organelles Go to Lesson Review Activities CK-12
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LAB experiments
       Lab #1 Plant cells NSF
       Lab #2 Seeing cells activity-go to High School (If no microscope/ pond water use this video--Microbehunter  Draw & name the single-cell specimens
       Lab #3
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Aerospace CONNECTIONS:
Applications and examples
Neuromapping in space
and Lignin in cell walls--Space expt NASA
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EXTENSION material for the curious
Cell biology in Space National Research Council
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